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HackTricks - Boitatech
  • HackTricks
  • About the author
  • Getting Started in Hacking
  • Pentesting Methodology
  • External Recon Methodology
    • Github Leaked Secrets
  • Phishing Methodology
    • Clone a Website
    • Detecting Phising
    • Phishing Documents
  • Exfiltration
  • Tunneling and Port Forwarding
  • Brute Force - CheatSheet
  • Search Exploits
  • Shells
    • Shells (Linux, Windows, MSFVenom)
      • MSFVenom - CheatSheet
      • Shells - Windows
      • Shells - Linux
      • Full TTYs
  • Linux/Unix
    • Checklist - Linux Privilege Escalation
    • Linux Privilege Escalation
      • PAM - Pluggable Authentication Modules
      • SELinux
      • Logstash
      • AppArmor
      • Containerd (ctr) Privilege Escalation
      • Docker Breakout
      • electron/CEF/chromium debugger abuse
      • Escaping from Jails
      • Cisco - vmanage
      • D-Bus Enumeration & Command Injection Privilege Escalation
      • Interesting Groups - Linux PE
        • lxd/lxc Group - Privilege escalation
      • ld.so exploit example
      • Linux Capabilities
      • NFS no_root_squash/no_all_squash misconfiguration PE
      • Payloads to execute
      • RunC Privilege Escalation
      • Seccomp
      • Splunk LPE and Persistence
      • SSH Forward Agent exploitation
      • Socket Command Injection
      • Wildcards Spare tricks
    • Useful Linux Commands
      • Bypass Bash Restrictions
    • Linux Environment Variables
  • MacOS
    • MacOS Security & Privilege Escalation
      • Mac OS Architecture
      • MacOS MDM
        • Enrolling Devices in Other Organisations
      • MacOS Protocols
      • MacOS Red Teaming
      • MacOS Serial Number
      • MacOS Apps - Inspecting, debugging and Fuzzing
  • Windows
    • Checklist - Local Windows Privilege Escalation
    • Windows Local Privilege Escalation
      • AppendData/AddSubdirectory permission over service registry
      • Create MSI with WIX
      • DPAPI - Extracting Passwords
      • SeImpersonate from High To System
      • Access Tokens
      • ACLs - DACLs/SACLs/ACEs
      • Dll Hijacking
      • From High Integrity to SYSTEM with Name Pipes
      • Integrity Levels
      • JAWS
      • JuicyPotato
      • Leaked Handle Exploitation
      • MSI Wrapper
      • Named Pipe Client Impersonation
      • PowerUp
      • Privilege Escalation Abusing Tokens
      • Privilege Escalation with Autoruns
      • RottenPotato
      • Seatbelt
      • SeDebug + SeImpersonate copy token
      • Windows C Payloads
    • Active Directory Methodology
      • Abusing Active Directory ACLs/ACEs
      • AD information in printers
      • ASREPRoast
      • BloodHound
      • Constrained Delegation
      • Custom SSP
      • DCShadow
      • DCSync
      • DSRM Credentials
      • Golden Ticket
      • Kerberos Authentication
      • Kerberoast
      • MSSQL Trusted Links
      • Over Pass the Hash/Pass the Key
      • Pass the Ticket
      • Password Spraying
      • Force NTLM Privileged Authentication
      • Privileged Accounts and Token Privileges
      • Resource-based Constrained Delegation
      • Security Descriptors
      • Silver Ticket
      • Skeleton Key
      • Unconstrained Delegation
    • NTLM
      • Places to steal NTLM creds
      • PsExec/Winexec/ScExec
      • SmbExec/ScExec
      • WmicExec
      • AtExec / SchtasksExec
      • WinRM
    • Stealing Credentials
      • Credentials Protections
      • Mimikatz
    • Authentication, Credentials, UAC and EFS
    • Basic CMD for Pentesters
    • Basic PowerShell for Pentesters
      • PowerView
    • AV Bypass
  • Mobile Apps Pentesting
    • Android APK Checklist
    • Android Applications Pentesting
      • Android Applications Basics
      • Android Task Hijacking
      • ADB Commands
      • APK decompilers
      • AVD - Android Virtual Device
      • Burp Suite Configuration for Android
      • content:// protocol
      • Drozer Tutorial
        • Exploiting Content Providers
      • Exploiting a debuggeable applciation
      • Frida Tutorial
        • Frida Tutorial 1
        • Frida Tutorial 2
        • Frida Tutorial 3
        • Objection Tutorial
      • Google CTF 2018 - Shall We Play a Game?
      • Inspeckage Tutorial
      • Intent Injection
      • Make APK Accept CA Certificate
      • Manual DeObfuscation
      • React Native Application
      • Reversing Native Libraries
      • Smali - Decompiling/[Modifying]/Compiling
      • Spoofing your location in Play Store
      • Webview Attacks
    • iOS Pentesting Checklist
    • iOS Pentesting
      • Basic iOS Testing Operations
      • Burp Suite Configuration for iOS
      • Extracting Entitlements From Compiled Application
      • Frida Configuration in iOS
      • iOS App Extensions
      • iOS Basics
      • iOS Custom URI Handlers / Deeplinks / Custom Schemes
      • iOS Hooking With Objection
      • iOS Protocol Handlers
      • iOS Serialisation and Encoding
      • iOS Testing Environment
      • iOS UIActivity Sharing
      • iOS Universal Links
      • iOS UIPasteboard
      • iOS WebViews
  • Pentesting
    • Pentesting Network
      • Spoofing LLMNR, NBT-NS, mDNS/DNS and WPAD and Relay Attacks
      • Spoofing SSDP and UPnP Devices with EvilSSDP
      • Wifi Attacks
        • Evil Twin EAP-TLS
      • Pentesting IPv6
      • Nmap Summary (ESP)
      • Network Protocols Explained (ESP)
      • IDS and IPS Evasion
      • DHCPv6
    • Pentesting JDWP - Java Debug Wire Protocol
    • Pentesting Printers
      • Accounting bypass
      • Buffer Overflows
      • Credentials Disclosure / Brute-Force
      • Cross-Site Printing
      • Document Processing
      • Factory Defaults
      • File system access
      • Firmware updates
      • Memory Access
      • Physical Damage
      • Software packages
      • Transmission channel
      • Print job manipulation
      • Print Job Retention
      • Scanner and Fax
    • Pentesting SAP
    • Pentesting Kubernetes
      • Enumeration from a Pod
      • Hardening Roles/ClusterRoles
      • Pentesting Kubernetes from the outside
    • 7/tcp/udp - Pentesting Echo
    • 21 - Pentesting FTP
      • FTP Bounce attack - Scan
      • FTP Bounce - Download 2ºFTP file
    • 22 - Pentesting SSH/SFTP
    • 23 - Pentesting Telnet
    • 25,465,587 - Pentesting SMTP/s
      • SMTP - Commands
    • 43 - Pentesting WHOIS
    • 53 - Pentesting DNS
    • 69/UDP TFTP/Bittorrent-tracker
    • 79 - Pentesting Finger
    • 80,443 - Pentesting Web Methodology
      • 403 & 401 Bypasses
      • AEM - Adobe Experience Cloud
      • Apache
      • Artifactory Hacking guide
      • Buckets
        • Firebase Database
        • AWS-S3
      • CGI
      • Code Review Tools
      • Drupal
      • Flask
      • Git
      • Golang
      • GraphQL
      • H2 - Java SQL database
      • IIS - Internet Information Services
      • JBOSS
      • Jenkins
      • JIRA
      • Joomla
      • JSP
      • Laravel
      • Moodle
      • Nginx
      • PHP Tricks (SPA)
        • PHP - Useful Functions & disable_functions/open_basedir bypass
          • disable_functions bypass - php-fpm/FastCGI
          • disable_functions bypass - dl function
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 7.0-7.4 (*nix only)
          • disable_functions bypass - Imagick <= 3.3.0 PHP >= 5.4 Exploit
          • disable_functions - PHP 5.x Shellshock Exploit
          • disable_functions - PHP 5.2.4 ionCube extension Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP <= 5.2.9 on windows
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 5.2.4 and 5.2.5 PHP cURL
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP safe_mode bypass via proc_open() and custom environment Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP Perl Extension Safe_mode Bypass Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 5.2.3 - Win32std ext Protections Bypass
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 5.2 - FOpen Exploit
          • disable_functions bypass - via mem
          • disable_functions bypass - mod_cgi
          • disable_functions bypass - PHP 4 >= 4.2.0, PHP 5 pcntl_exec
      • Python
      • Special HTTP headers
      • Spring Actuators
      • Symphony
      • Tomcat
      • Uncovering CloudFlare
      • VMWare (ESX, VCenter...)
      • Web API Pentesting
      • WebDav
      • werkzeug
      • Wordpress
      • XSS to RCE Electron Desktop Apps
    • 88tcp/udp - Pentesting Kerberos
      • Harvesting tickets from Windows
      • Harvesting tickets from Linux
    • 110,995 - Pentesting POP
    • 111/TCP/UDP - Pentesting Portmapper
    • 113 - Pentesting Ident
    • 123/udp - Pentesting NTP
    • 135, 593 - Pentesting MSRPC
    • 137,138,139 - Pentesting NetBios
    • 139,445 - Pentesting SMB
    • 143,993 - Pentesting IMAP
    • 161,162,10161,10162/udp - Pentesting SNMP
      • SNMP RCE
    • 194,6667,6660-7000 - Pentesting IRC
    • 264 - Pentesting Check Point FireWall-1
    • 389, 636, 3268, 3269 - Pentesting LDAP
    • 500/udp - Pentesting IPsec/IKE VPN
    • 502 - Pentesting Modbus
    • 512 - Pentesting Rexec
    • 513 - Pentesting Rlogin
    • 514 - Pentesting Rsh
    • 515 - Pentesting Line Printer Daemon (LPD)
    • 548 - Pentesting Apple Filing Protocol (AFP)
    • 554,8554 - Pentesting RTSP
    • 623/UDP/TCP - IPMI
    • 631 - Internet Printing Protocol(IPP)
    • 873 - Pentesting Rsync
    • 1026 - Pentesting Rusersd
    • 1080 - Pentesting Socks
    • 1098/1099/1050 - Pentesting Java RMI - RMI-IIOP
    • 1433 - Pentesting MSSQL - Microsoft SQL Server
    • 1521,1522-1529 - Pentesting Oracle TNS Listener
      • Oracle Pentesting requirements installation
      • TNS Poison
      • Remote stealth pass brute force
      • Oracle RCE & more
    • 1723 - Pentesting PPTP
    • 1883 - Pentesting MQTT (Mosquitto)
    • 2049 - Pentesting NFS Service
    • 2301,2381 - Pentesting Compaq/HP Insight Manager
    • 2375, 2376 Pentesting Docker
    • 3128 - Pentesting Squid
    • 3260 - Pentesting ISCSI
    • 3299 - Pentesting SAPRouter
    • 3306 - Pentesting Mysql
    • 3389 - Pentesting RDP
    • 3632 - Pentesting distcc
    • 3690 - Pentesting Subversion (svn server)
    • 4369 - Pentesting Erlang Port Mapper Daemon (epmd)
    • 5000 - Pentesting Docker Registry
    • 5353/UDP Multicast DNS (mDNS)
    • 5432,5433 - Pentesting Postgresql
    • 5601 - Pentesting Kibana
    • 5671,5672 - Pentesting AMQP
    • 5800,5801,5900,5901 - Pentesting VNC
    • 5984,6984 - Pentesting CouchDB
    • 5985,5986 - Pentesting WinRM
    • 6000 - Pentesting X11
    • 6379 - Pentesting Redis
    • 8009 - Pentesting Apache JServ Protocol (AJP)
    • 8089 - Splunkd
    • 9000 - Pentesting FastCGI
    • 9001 - Pentesting HSQLDB
    • 9042/9160 - Pentesting Cassandra
    • 9100 - Pentesting Raw Printing (JetDirect, AppSocket, PDL-datastream)
    • 9200 - Pentesting Elasticsearch
    • 10000 - Pentesting Network Data Management Protocol (ndmp)
    • 11211 - Pentesting Memcache
    • 15672 - Pentesting RabbitMQ Management
    • 27017,27018 - Pentesting MongoDB
    • 44818/UDP/TCP - Pentesting EthernetIP
    • 47808/udp - Pentesting BACNet
    • 50030,50060,50070,50075,50090 - Pentesting Hadoop
  • Pentesting Web
    • Web Vulnerabilities Methodology
    • Reflecting Techniques - PoCs and Polygloths CheatSheet
      • Web Vulns List
    • 2FA/OTP Bypass
    • Abusing hop-by-hop headers
    • Bypass Payment Process
    • Captcha Bypass
    • Cache Poisoning and Cache Deception
    • Clickjacking
    • Client Side Template Injection (CSTI)
    • Command Injection
    • Content Security Policy (CSP) Bypass
    • Cookies Hacking
    • CORS - Misconfigurations & Bypass
    • CRLF (%0D%0A) Injection
    • Cross-site WebSocket hijacking (CSWSH)
    • CSRF (Cross Site Request Forgery)
    • Dangling Markup - HTML scriptless injection
    • Deserialization
      • NodeJS - __proto__ & prototype Pollution
      • Java JSF ViewState (.faces) Deserialization
      • Java DNS Deserialization, GadgetProbe and Java Deserialization Scanner
      • Basic Java Deserialization (ObjectInputStream, readObject)
      • CommonsCollection1 Payload - Java Transformers to Rutime exec() and Thread Sleep
      • Basic .Net deserialization (ObjectDataProvider gadget, ExpandedWrapper, and Json.Net)
      • Exploiting __VIEWSTATE knowing the secrets
      • Exploiting __VIEWSTATE without knowing the secrets
    • Domain/Subdomain takeover
    • Email Header Injection
    • File Inclusion/Path traversal
      • phar:// deserialization
    • File Upload
      • PDF Upload - XXE and CORS bypass
    • Formula Injection
    • HTTP Request Smuggling / HTTP Desync Attack
    • H2C Smuggling
    • IDOR
    • JWT Vulnerabilities (Json Web Tokens)
    • NoSQL injection
    • LDAP Injection
    • Login Bypass
      • Login bypass List
    • OAuth to Account takeover
    • Open Redirect
    • Parameter Pollution
    • PostMessage Vulnerabilities
    • Race Condition
    • Rate Limit Bypass
    • Registration Vulnerabilities
    • Regular expression Denial of Service - ReDoS
    • Reset/Forgotten Password Bypass
    • SAML Attacks
      • SAML Basics
    • Server Side Inclusion/Edge Side Inclusion Injection
    • SQL Injection
      • MSSQL Injection
      • Oracle injection
      • PostgreSQL injection
        • dblink/lo_import data exfiltration
        • PL/pgSQL Password Bruteforce
        • Network - Privesc, Port Scanner and NTLM chanllenge response disclosure
        • Big Binary Files Upload (PostgreSQL)
        • RCE with PostgreSQL Extensions
      • MySQL injection
        • Mysql SSRF
      • SQLMap - Cheetsheat
        • Second Order Injection - SQLMap
    • SSRF (Server Side Request Forgery)
    • SSTI (Server Side Template Injection)
      • EL - Expression Language
    • Reverse Tab Nabbing
    • Unicode Normalization vulnerability
    • Web Tool - WFuzz
    • XPATH injection
    • XSLT Server Side Injection (Extensible Stylesheet Languaje Transformations)
    • XXE - XEE - XML External Entity
    • XSS (Cross Site Scripting)
      • PDF Injection
      • DOM XSS
      • Server Side XSS (Dynamic PDF)
      • XSS Tools
    • XSSI (Cross-Site Script Inclusion)
    • XS-Search
  • Forensics
    • Basic Forensic Methodology
      • Baseline Monitoring
      • Anti-Forensic Techniques
      • Docker Forensics
      • Image Adquisition & Mount
      • Linux Forensics
      • Malware Analysis
      • Memory dump analysis
        • Volatility - CheatSheet
      • Partitions/File Systems/Carving
        • EXT
        • File/Data Carving & Recovery Tools
        • NTFS
      • Pcap Inspection
        • DNSCat pcap analysis
        • USB Keystrokes
        • Wifi Pcap Analysis
        • Wireshark tricks
      • Specific Software/File-Type Tricks
        • .pyc
        • Browser Artifacts
        • Desofuscation vbs (cscript.exe)
        • Local Cloud Storage
        • Office file analysis
        • PDF File analysis
        • PNG tricks
        • Video and Audio file analysis
        • ZIPs tricks
      • Windows Artifacts
        • Windows Processes
        • Interesting Windows Registry Keys
  • A.I. Exploiting
    • BRA.I.NSMASHER Presentation
      • Basic Bruteforcer
      • Basic Captcha Breaker
      • BIM Bruteforcer
      • Hybrid Malware Classifier Part 1
  • Blockchain
    • Blockchain & Crypto Currencies
  • Courses and Certifications Reviews
    • INE Courses and eLearnSecurity Certifications Reviews
  • Cloud Security
    • Cloud security review
    • AWS Security
  • Physical attacks
    • Physical Attacks
    • Escaping from KIOSKs
      • Show file extensions
  • Reversing
    • Reversing Tools & Basic Methods
      • Angr
        • Angr - Examples
      • Z3 - Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT)
      • Cheat Engine
      • Blobrunner
    • Common API used in Malware
    • Cryptographic/Compression Algorithms
      • Unpacking binaries
    • Word Macros
  • Exploiting
    • Linux Exploiting (Basic) (SPA)
      • Format Strings Template
      • ROP - call sys_execve
      • ROP - Leaking LIBC address
        • ROP - Leaking LIBC template
      • Bypassing Canary & PIE
      • Ret2Lib
      • Fusion
    • Exploiting Tools
      • PwnTools
    • Windows Exploiting (Basic Guide - OSCP lvl)
  • Cryptography
    • Certificates
    • Cipher Block Chaining CBC-MAC
    • Crypto CTFs Tricks
    • Electronic Code Book (ECB)
    • Hash Length Extension Attack
    • Padding Oracle
    • RC4 - Encrypt&Decrypt
  • BACKDOORS
    • Merlin
    • Empire
    • Salseo
    • ICMPsh
  • Stego
    • Stego Tricks
    • Esoteric languages
  • MISC
    • Basic Python
      • venv
      • Bypass Python sandboxes
      • Magic Methods
      • Web Requests
      • Bruteforce hash (few chars)
    • Other Big References
  • TODO
    • More Tools
    • MISC
    • Pentesting DNS
  • Burp Suite
  • Other Web Tricks
  • Interesting HTTP
  • Emails Vulnerabilities
  • Android Forensics
  • TR-069
  • 6881/udp - Pentesting BitTorrent
  • CTF Write-ups
    • challenge-0521.intigriti.io
    • Try Hack Me
      • hc0n Christmas CTF - 2019
      • Pickle Rick
  • 1911 - Pentesting fox
  • Online Platforms with API
  • Stealing Sensitive Information Disclosure from a Web
  • Post Exploitation
Powered by GitBook
On this page
  • Python Basics
  • Usefull information
  • Main operations
  • Tuples
  • List (array)
  • Dictionary
  • Set
  • Classes
  • map, zip, filter, lambda, sorted and one-liners
  • Exceptions
  • Assert()
  • Generators, yield
  • Regular Expresions
  • Decorators

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  1. MISC

Basic Python

Python Basics

Usefull information

It is an interpreted language list(xrange()) == range() --> In python3 range is the xrange of python2 (it is not a list but a generator) The difference between a Tuple and a List is that the position of a value in a tuple gives it a meaning but the lists are just ordered values. Tuples have structures, lists have order

Main operations

To raise a number you should do: 3**2 (it isn't 3^2) If you do 2/3 it returns 1 because you are dividing two ints. If you want decimals you should divide floats (2.0/3.0). i >= j i <= j i == j i != j a and b a or b not a float(a) int(a) str(d) ord("A") = 65 chr(65) = 'A' hex(100) = '0x64' hex(100)[2:] = '64' isinstance(1, int) = True "a b".split(" ") = ['a', 'b'] " ".join(['a', 'b']) = "a b" "abcdef".startswith("ab") = True "abcdef".contains("abc") = True "abc\n".strip() = "abc" "apbc".replace("p","") = "abc" dir(str) = List of all the availble methods help(str) = Definition of the class str "a".upper() = "A" "A".lower() = "a" "abc".capitalize() = "Abc" sum([1,2,3]) = 6 sorted([1,43,5,3,21,4])

Join chars 3 * ’a’ = ‘aaa’ ‘a’ + ‘b’ = ‘ab’ ‘a’ + str(3) = ‘a3’ [1,2,3]+[4,5]=[1,2,3,4,5]

Parts of a list ‘abc’[0] = ‘a’ 'abc’[-1] = ‘c’ 'abc’[1:3] = ‘bc’ from [1] to [2] "qwertyuiop"[:-1] = 'qwertyuio'

Comments # One line comment """ Several lines comment Another one """

Loops

if a:
    #somethig
elif b:
    #something
else:
    #something

while(a):
    #comething

for i in range(0,100):
    #something from 0 to 99

for letter in "hola":
    #something with letter in "hola"

Tuples

t1 = (1,'2,'three') t2 = (5,6) t3 = t1 + t2 = (1, '2', 'three', 5, 6) (4,) = Singelton d = () empty tuple d += (4,) --> Adding into a tuple CANT! --> t1[1] == 'New value' list(t2) = [5,6] --> From tuple to list

List (array)

d = [] empty a = [1,2,3] b = [4,5] a + b = [1,2,3,4,5] b.append(6) = [4,5,6] tuple(a) = (1,2,3) --> From list to tuple

Dictionary

d = {} empty monthNumbers={1:’Jan’, 2: ‘feb’,’feb’:2}—> monthNumbers ->{1:’Jan’, 2: ‘feb’,’feb’:2} monthNumbers[1] = ‘Jan’ monthNumbers[‘feb’] = 2 list(monthNumbers) = [1,2,’feb’] monthNumbers.values() = [‘Jan’,’feb’,2] keys = [k for k in monthNumbers] a={'9':9} monthNumbers.update(a) = {'9':9, 1:’Jan’, 2: ‘feb’,’feb’:2} mN = monthNumbers.copy() #Independent copy monthNumbers.get('key',0) #Check if key exists, Return value of monthNumbers["key"] or 0 if it does not exists

Set

In the sets there are not repetitions myset = set(['a', 'b']) = {'a', 'b'} myset.add('c') = {'a', 'b', 'c'} myset.add('a') = {'a', 'b', 'c'} #No repetitions myset.update([1,2,3]) = set(['a', 1, 2, 'b', 'c', 3]) myset.discard(10) #If present, remove it, if not, nothing myset.remove(10) #If present remove it, if not, rise exception myset2 = set([1, 2, 3, 4]) myset.union(myset2) #Values it myset OR myset2 myset.intersection(myset2) #Values in myset AND myset2 myset.difference(myset2) #Values in myset but not in myset2 myset.symmetric_difference(myset2) #Values that are not in myset AND myset2 (not in both) myset.pop() #Get the first element of the set and remove it myset.intersection_update(myset2) #myset = Elements in both myset and myset2 myset.difference_update(myset2) #myset = Elements in myset but not in myset2 myset.symmetric_difference_update(myset2) #myset = Elements that are not in both

Classes

The method in __It__ will be the one used by sort in order to compare if an object of this class is bigger than other

class Person(name):
    def __init__(self,name):
        self.name= name
        self.lastName = name.split(‘ ‘)[-1]
        self.birthday = None
     def __It__(self, other):
        if self.lastName == other.lastName:
            return self.name < other.name
        return self.lastName < other.lastName #Return True if the lastname is smaller

    def setBirthday(self, month, day. year):
        self.birthday = date tame.date(year,month,day)
    def getAge(self):
        return (date time.date.today() - self.birthday).days


class MITPerson(Person):
    nextIdNum = 0    # Attribute of the Class
    def __init__(self, name):
        Person.__init__(self,name)
        self.idNum = MITPerson.nextIdNum  —> Accedemos al atributo de la clase
        MITPerson.nextIdNum += 1 #Attribute of the class +1

    def __it__(self, other):
        return self.idNum < other.idNum

map, zip, filter, lambda, sorted and one-liners

Map is like: [f(x) for x in iterable] --> map(tutple,[a,b]) = [(1,2,3),(4,5)] m = map(lambda x: x % 3 == 0, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]) --> [False, False, True, False, False, True, False, False, True]

zip stops when the shorter of foo or bar stops:

for f, b in zip(foo, bar):
    print(f, b)

Lambda is used to define a function (lambda x,y: x+y)(5,3) = 8 --> Use lambda as simple function sorted(range(-5,6), key=lambda x: x** 2) = [0, -1, 1, -2, 2, -3, 3, -4, 4, -5, 5] --> Use lambda to sort a list m = filter(lambda x: x % 3 == 0, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]) = [3, 6, 9] --> Use lambda to filter reduce (lambda x,y: x*y, [1,2,3,4]) = 24

def make_adder(n):
    return lambda x: x+n
plus3 = make_adder(3)
plus3(4) = 7 # 3 + 4 = 7

class Car:
    crash = lambda self: print('Boom!')
my_car = Car(); my_car.crash() = 'Boom!'

mult1 = [x for x in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] if x%3 == 0 ]

Exceptions

def divide(x,y):    
    try:
        result = x/y
    except ZeroDivisionError, e:
        print “division by zero!” + str(e)
    except TypeError:
        divide(int(x),int(y))
    else:
        print “result i”, result
    finally
        print “executing finally clause in any case”

Assert()

If the condition is false the string will by printed in the screen

def avg(grades, weights):
    assert not len(grades) == 0, 'no grades data'
    assert len(grades) == 'wrong number grades'

Generators, yield

A generator, instead of returning something, it "yields" something. When you access it, it will "return" the first value generated, then, you can access it again and it will return the next value generated. So, all the values are not generated at the same time and a lot of memory could be saved using this instead of a list with all the values.

def myGen(n):
    yield n
    yield n + 1

g = myGen(6) --> 6 next(g) --> 7 next(g) --> Error

Regular Expresions

import re re.search("\w","hola").group() = "h" re.findall("\w","hola") = ['h', 'o', 'l', 'a'] re.findall("\w+(la)","hola caracola") = ['la', 'la']

Special meanings: . --> Everything \w --> [a-zA-Z0-9_] \d --> Number \s --> WhiteSpace char[ \n\r\t\f] \S --> Non-whitespace char ^ --> Starts with $ --> Ends with

  • --> One or more

    * --> 0 or more

    ? --> 0 or 1 occurrences

Options: re.search(pat,str,re.IGNORECASE) IGNORECASE DOTALL --> Allow dot to match newline MULTILINE --> Allow ^ and $ to match in different lines

re.findall("<.*>", "<b>foo</b>and<i>so on</i>") = ['<b>foo</b>and<i>so on</i>'] re.findall("<.*?>", "<b>foo</b>and<i>so on</i>") = ['<b>', '</b>', '<i>', '</i>']

IterTools product from itertools import product --> Generates combinations between 1 or more lists, perhaps repeating values, cartesian product (distributive property) print list(product([1,2,3],[3,4])) = [(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4)] print list(product([1,2,3],repeat = 2)) = [(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3)]

permutations from itertools import permutations --> Generates combinations of all characters in every position print list(permutations(['1','2','3'])) = [('1', '2', '3'), ('1', '3', '2'), ('2', '1', '3'),... Every posible combination print(list(permutations('123',2))) = [('1', '2'), ('1', '3'), ('2', '1'), ('2', '3'), ('3', '1'), ('3', '2')] Every posible combination of lenght 2

combinations from itertools import combinations --> Generates all possible combinations without repeating characters (if "ab" existing, doesn't generate "ba") print(list(combinations('123',2))) --> [('1', '2'), ('1', '3'), ('2', '3')]

combinations_with_replacement from itertools import combinations_with_replacement --> Generates all possible combinations from the char onwards(for example, the 3rd is mixed from the 3rd onwards but not with the 2nd o first) print(list(combinations_with_replacement('1133',2))) = [('1', '1'), ('1', '1'), ('1', '3'), ('1', '3'), ('1', '1'), ('1', '3'), ('1', '3'), ('3', '3'), ('3', '3'), ('3', '3')]

Decorators

from functools import wraps
import time
def timeme(func):
  @wraps(func)
  def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
    print("Let's call our decorated function")
    start = time.time()
    result = func(*args, **kwargs)
    print('Execution time: {} seconds'.format(time.time() - start))
    return result
  return wrapper

@timeme
def decorated_func():
  print("Decorated func!")

If you run it, you will see something like the following:

Let's call our decorated function
Decorated func!
Execution time: 4.792213439941406e-05 seconds
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Last updated 3 years ago

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Decorator that size the time that a function needs to be executed (from ):

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